Creutz, M., Hirsimäki, T., Kurimo, M., Puurula, A., Pylkkönen, J., Siivola, V., … & Stolcke, A. (2007). Morph-based speech recognition and modeling of out-of-vocabulary words across languages. ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing (TSLP), 5(1), 1-29.
Abstract
We analyze subword-based language models (LMs) in large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition across four “morphologically rich” languages: Finnish, Estonian, Turkish, and Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. By estimating n-gram LMs over sequences of morphs instead of words, better vocabulary coverage and reduced data sparsity is obtained. Standard word LMs suffer from high out-of-vocabulary (OOV) rates, whereas the morph LMs can recognize previously unseen word forms by concatenating morphs. We show that the morph LMs generally outperform the word LMs and that they perform fairly well on OOVs without compromising the accuracy obtained for in-vocabulary words.